Thus, the Dutch Hunger Winter study, from which results were first published in 1976, provides an almost perfectly designed, although tragic, human experiment in the effects of intrauterine deprivation on subsequent adult health. Naturalisation is a way of gaining Dutch citizenship by means of an application process which takes approximately one year. A homozygous mutation was identified in 35.8% of patients, with the vast majority (94.7%) having consanguineous parents. Liberalization of Western knowledge (1720–), "The first use of general anaesthesia probably dates to early nineteenth century Japan. Second, test data was split into infectious period (7 days prior symptom onset and 21 days after) and noninfectious period (20 to 10 days before infectious period), and recovery period … Many practical applications were found as well, such as in the manufacture of air guns by Kunitomo Ikkansai, after he repaired and analyzed the mechanism of some Dutch air guns which had been offered to the shōgun in Edo. Dutch public health agency RIVM has launched a study to see how far antibodies created when people are exposed remain effective in preventing re-infection. So in total the period for making a decision can be extended for 1 year. How the Menstrual Cycle Affects Women's Libido Women don't go into "heat," but studies show a libido spike around ovulation. With around eighty students on our courses we are the largest - and probably the most lively - Dutch Studies section in the UK. The center was equipped with Japan's first steam warship, the Kankō Maru, given by the government of the Netherlands the same year, which may be one of the last great contributions of the Dutch to Japanese modernization, before Japan opened itself to multiple foreign influences. Famous alumni of the Tekijuku include Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ōtori Keisuke, who would become key players in Japan's modernization. Forvo – find out how any Dutch word is pronounced. Among these patients, 72.6% died as a direct consequence of the disease. Be the first to rate this post. In 1858, the Dutch officer Kattendijke commented: There are some imperfections in the details, but I take my hat off to the genius of the people who were able to build these without seeing an actual machine, but only relied on simple drawings.[7]. This openness could partly explain Japan's success in its radical and speedy modernization following the opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854. Methods Design/setting: internet-based, cross-sectional survey conducted in the Netherlands from July to October 2017. The study included a total of 464 Dutch patients from 287 families. Learn more. Dutch is understood by more than 28 million people worldwide. Women pregnant during the period gave birth to babies who were affected by health problems throughout their lives. In the northern hemisphere, the main flowering period is from April to September in most areas. Christmas Is the Season of Family, Love, and Harmony, In Social Situations, I’m Learning How to Stretch, EB May Be More Common Than Thought in Netherlands, Dutch Study Finds, National Survey Seeks to Assess Full Social, Economic Burdens of Rare Diseases in US, Alexion Charitable Foundation Giving $1.1M to Assist Rare Disease Community During Pandemic, PTR-01 Shows Signs of Efficacy in RDEB Patients, Early Trial Data Reveal. Posted Mar 15, 2015 Piet Mondrian, painter who was an important leader in the development of modern abstract art and a major exponent of the Dutch abstract art movement known as De Stijl (’The Style’). The residence permit can be granted for a definite period (verblijfsvergunning voor bepaalde tijd) or an indefinite period (verblijfsvergunning voor onbepaalde tijd). Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, considerable efforts were made at surveying and mapping the country, usually with Western techniques and tools. However, it may never exceed a 2 month period. Although these events were definitely real game-changers, many historians believe the Reformation had its greatest impact on the Netherlands. The most famous maps using modern surveying techniques were made by Inō Tadataka between 1800 and 1818 and used as definitive maps of Japan for nearly a century. A good command of Dutch if you are after a study programme in Dutch. Some of the first scholars of Rangaku were involved with the assimilation of 17th century theories in the physical sciences. Dutch … EB describes a group of rare skin disorders that lead to blistering of the skin. In the early 20 th century the capital city of Dutch East-Indies Government planned to move in Bandung. One fine June afternoon in 1598, five ships in Rotterdam ready their departure for a long journey. Altogether, thousands of such books were published, printed, and circulated. ", Ivan Federovich Kruzenshtern. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) may be more common in the Netherlands than previously assumed, a long-term Dutch study suggests. Udagawa's work reports for the first time in details the findings and theories of Lavoisier in Japan. In 1805, almost twenty years later, the Swiss Johann Caspar Horner and the Prussian Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, two scientists of the Kruzenshtern mission that also brought the Russian ambassador Nikolai Rezanov to Japan, made a hot air balloon out of Japanese paper (washi) and made a demonstration of the new technology in front of about 30 Japanese delegates.[5]. In particular, the book contains a detailed description of the electric battery invented by Volta forty years earlier in 1800. They became instrumental, however, in transmitting to Japan some knowledge of the industrial and scientific revolution that was occurring in Europe: the Japanese purchased and translated scientific books from the Dutch, obtained from them Western curiosities and manufactures (such as clocks, medical instruments, celestial and terrestrial globes, maps and plant seeds) and received demonstrations of Western innovations, including of electrical phenomena, as well as the flight of a hot air balloon in the early 19th century. In Germany, it saw the birth of Lutheranism, while in England, it saw separation from the Pope. Dutch study shows impact of foodborne disease By Joe Whitworth on January 4, 2021 Researchers have estimated the burden of disease from certain … These led to the development of an original Japanese clock, called Wadokei. A Dutch guideline was developed to cautiously open nursing homes for visitors during the COVID-19 pandemic. An artist's impression of a proposal by Dutch company Hardt Hyperloop to build … Previous epidemiological studies in the Netherlands have reported varying and inconclusive figures for EB, being mostly based on clinical features or molecular defects. This study will give an understanding of building typology of school during the Dutch Colonial Period in Indonesia. Coupled with this economic prosperity abroad, Dutch society and high culture also experienced a remarkable period of success. Video lessons, word lists, language tests. The first flight of a hot air balloon by the brothers Montgolfier in France in 1783, was reported less than four years later by the Dutch in Dejima, and published in the 1787 Sayings of the Dutch. These were promptly studied by the Japanese as well. He has also studied Biochemistry at Universidade do Porto and was a postdoctoral associate at Weill Cornell Medicine, in New York, and at The University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. Tagged diagnosis, Dutch EB registry, dystrophic EB, EB simplex, epidemiological study, junctional EB, Kindler syndrome. Five Things to Know about AP US History Period 2. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. In which John Green teaches you about some of the colonies that were not in Virginia or Massachussetts. Finally, the Dutch factories in Nagasaki, in addition to their official trade work in silk and deer hides, were allowed to engage in some level of "private trade". The … The other two patients had clinical features of the disease but no mutations were found. As these Rangaku scholars usually took a pro-Western stance, which was in line with the policy of the Shogunate (Bakufu) but against anti-foreign imperialistic movements, several were assassinated, such as Sakuma Shōzan in 1864 and Sakamoto Ryōma in 1867. Join our close community in the University of Sheffield's School of Languages and Cultures, and study Dutch language and culture over a period of one, two or three years. Results showed that EB now has a higher prevalence — the number of cases present in a particular population at a given time — than had been thought. Static electricity was produced by the friction of a glass tube with a gold-plated stick, creating electrical effects. On December 15, 2001, the highly respected international medical journal, The Lancet, published a 13-year study of NDEs observed in 10 different Dutch hospitals. This study reports the first findings on how the guideline was applied in the local … Modern geographical knowledge of the world was transmitted to Japan during the 17th century through Chinese prints of Matteo Ricci's maps as well as globes brought to Edo by chiefs of the VOC trading post Dejima. In the large cities some shops, open to the general public, specialized in foreign curiosities. From 1855 to 1859, education was directed by Dutch naval officers, before the transfer of the school to Tsukiji in Tokyo, where English educators became prominent. The German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold, attached to the Dutch delegation, established exchanges with Japanese students. The Rangaku increasingly disseminated contemporary Western innovations. In order to be eligible for a Dutch (Netherlands) residence permit for an indefinite period a foreigner has to apply first for a residence permit for a definite period. The world's most popular way to learn Dutch online Learn Dutch in just 5 minutes a day with our game-like lessons. The book contains detailed descriptions of steam engines and steamships. Itō Keisuke created books describing animal species of the Japanese islands, with drawings of a near-photographic quality. In 1840, Udagawa Yōan published his Opening Principles of Chemistry (舎密開宗, Seimi Kaisō), a compilation of scientific books in Dutch, which describes a wide range of scientific knowledge from the West. Dutch Language Online courses – Vocabulary for beginners. Initially, a small group of hereditary Japanese–Dutch translators labored in Nagasaki to smooth communication with the foreigners and transmit bits of Western novelties. Methods- Case-control study using data of consecutive adult patients with CVT from 5 academic hospitals and controls from the Dutch MEGA study (Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment … Soon this Narutaki-juku (鳴滝塾) grew into a meeting place for about fifty students from all over the country. As for genetic inheritance of EB, 304 individuals from 149 families (65.5%) showed dominant inheritance, meaning that a mutation in one of the two copies of a person’s genes — one inherited from each biological parent — is enough for EB to develop. “This study emphasizes the importance of thorough reporting systems and registries worldwide,” the team concluded. During the study period, 73 patients died (15.7%); their average age at death was 22.9 years. Nevertheless, the findings of this study will provide valuable information on a crucial safety intervention in the ICU. Whether you’re a beginner starting with the basics or looking to practice your reading, writing, and speaking, Duolingo is scientifically proven to work . These data do not support the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition. Objective To evaluate age-dependent productivity loss caused by menstruation-related symptoms, measured in absenteeism (time away from work or school) and presenteeism (productivity loss while present at work or school). In many other countries you will also find expatriates to strike up a conversation with, as the Dutch … The rangaku scholarly tradition heightened Japan’s later, wide-ranging responses to the West in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Incidence was highest for EBS at 17.5 cases per million live births, and lowest for Kindler syndrome at 0.5 per million live births. The word means "device" and carries the connotations of mechanical devices as well as deceptive ones. Enrolment is now open for the following start dates: 25th January and 22nd February 2021. The Rangaku movement became increasingly involved in Japan's political debate over foreign isolation, arguing that the imitating of Western culture would strengthen rather than harm Japan. The Protestant Reformation changed the political and religious landscape of Europe. Bandung is one of the most important colonial cities in Indonesia. A small, lucrative market for Western curiosities thus developed, focused on the Nagasaki area. Women pregnant during the period gave birth to babies who were affected by health problems throughout their lives. From these, 43.9% carried a homozygous mutation also derived from consanguineous parents in most cases. Time Limits For Submitting and Processing An Application For Review Or Appeal The incident was provoked by actions such as the Morrison Incident, in which an unarmed American merchant ship was fired upon under the Edict to Repel Foreign Ships. With this knowledge, Shibukawa Shunkai made the first Japanese globe in 1690. "Stored Will") of 1759 and the New Text on Anatomy (解体新書, Kaitai Shinsho, lit. Genetic testing confirmed the disease in 90.5% of cases — 420 patients from 254 Dutch families. The mechanism of a magic lantern, called "shadow picture glasses" (影絵眼鏡, Kagee Gankyō) was described using technical drawings in the book titled Tengu-tsū (天狗通) in 1779. Observation of the moon by Kunitomo in 1836. This is the case of Shizuki Tadao (ja:志筑忠雄) an eighth-generation descendant of the Shizuki house of Nagasaki Dutch translators, who after having completed for the first time a systematic analysis of Dutch grammar, went on to translate the Dutch edition of Introductio ad Veram Physicam of the British author John Keil on the theories of Newton (Japanese title: Rekishō Shinsho (暦象新書, roughly: "New Text on Transitive Effects"), 1798). Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different goals that impacted the economic, political, and cultural development of their … “These epidemiological data help to understand the extensive need for (specialized) medical care of EB‐patients and is invaluable for the design and execution of therapeutic trials,” the team wrote. Five Things to Know about AP US History Period 2. After this extension the period of making a decision can be extended another time for 6 months. Dominant DEB was more common than recessive DEB (67.1% vs. 32.9%). In cooperation with the Municipal Public Health Services (GGDs), various families took part in this study. Among them was a small telegraph and a small steam train complete with tracks. The first phase of Rangaku was quite limited and highly controlled. Among these patients, 72.6% died as a direct consequence of the disease. period translate: 时间, 一段时间,时期, 课时,学时,一节(课), (人一生中或历史上的)时期;阶段, 血, (妇女的)月经,经期, 符号, 句号…. The remaining five patients (5.7%) had a dominant mutation in the ITGB4 gene. Many translated example sentences containing "study period" – Dutch-English dictionary and search engine for Dutch translations. The 3-5-year-olds scored lowest on all the tests employed. These clocks were of the lantern clock design, typically made of brass or iron, and used the relatively primitive verge and foliot escapement. Thus, the Nagasaki Naval Training Center was established in 1855 right at the entrance of the Dutch trading post of Dejima, allowing for maximum interaction with Dutch naval knowledge. His patient was a 60-year-old woman named Kan Aiya. Until 1676 more than 150 telescopes were brought to Nagasaki. Magic lanterns, first described in the West by Athanasius Kircher in 1671, became very popular attractions in multiple forms in 18th-century Japan. Neither the pendulum nor the balance spring were in use among European clocks of the period, and as such they were not included among the technologies available to the Japanese clockmakers at the start of the isolationist period in Japanese history, which began in 1641. Available both as … For students from the Netherlands, other EU/EEA countries, Switzerland or Surinam, the cost of study at Dutch … While other European countries faced ideological and political battles associated with the Protestant Reformation, the Netherlands were a free state, attracting leading thinkers such as René Descartes. Dutch, which occurs in both standard and dialectal forms, is the language of most of the Netherlands, of northern Belgium, and of a relatively small part of France along the North Sea immediately to the west of Belgium. Becoming a Dutch citizen (naturalisation application) The period for making a decision can be extended for 6 months. Dutch research on mental health during COVID-19 in … The findings highlight the need for specialized medical care for EB patients, the researchers said. Study Dutch courses online with a Personal Tutor at beginner, intermediate or advanced level. COVID-19 in Dutch households. When the trial period is not agreed to in writing. Six genes were associated with EBS. While drawing from European technology they managed to develop more sophisticated clocks, leading to spectacular developments such as the Universal Myriad year clock designed in 1850 by the inventor Tanaka Hisashige, the founder of what would become the Toshiba corporation. A Dutch study released this week confirms, for example, that some patients in the … Japan's first electricity manual, Fundamentals of the elekiteru Mastered by the Dutch (阿蘭陀始制エレキテル究理原, Oranda Shisei Erekiteru Kyūri-Gen) by Hashimoto Soukichi (ja:橋本宗吉), published in 1811, describes electrical phenomena, such as experiments with electric generators, conductivity through the human body, and the 1750 experiments of Benjamin Franklin with lightning. He was the author of 1849's Introduction to the Study of Disease (病学通論, Byōgaku Tsūron), which was the first book on Western pathology to be published in Japan. Entomology was extremely popular, and details about insects, often obtained through the use of microscopes (see above), were widely publicized. Essentially considering the arrival of Western ships as a threat and a factor for destabilization, the Bakufu ordered several of its fiefs to build warships along Western designs. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: APA. As of Dec. 31, 2018, the incidence of EB in the Netherlands was 41.3 cases per one million live births, with a total of 5,830,469 live births. Dutch citizenship by naturalisation. In Japan, the first description of a vacuum pump appear in Aochi Rinsō (ja:青地林宗)’s 1825 Atmospheric Observations (気海観瀾, Kikai Kanran), and slightly later pressure pumps and void pumps appear in Udagawa Shinsai (宇田川榛斎(玄真))’s 1834 Appendix of Far-Western Medical and Notable Things and Thoughts (遠西医方名物考補遺, Ensei Ihō Meibutsu Kō Hoi). In two patients with Kindler syndrome, the scientists found compound heterozygous mutations — two different mutations in each gene copy — in FERMT1. Elekiterus were sold widely to the public in curiosity shops. Hot air balloons would mainly remain curiosities, becoming the object of experiments and popular depictions, until the development of military usages during the early Meiji period. Similarly, steam engines were immediately studied. Many electric machines derived from the elekiteru were then invented, particularly by Sakuma Shōzan. In spring 2020, RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment conducted a study to find out more about people infected with COVID-19 and their family contacts. Refracting telescopes were widely used by the populace during the Edo period, both for pleasure and for the observation of the stars. Dutch-Japanese dictionaries were compiled, and Dutch books were published. The surgery involved combining Chinese herbal medicine and Western surgery techniques,[2] 40 years before the better-known Western innovations of Long, Wells and Morton, with the introduction of diethyl ether (1846) and chloroform (1847) as general anaesthetics. Some were built within a mere year or two of Perry's visit. In his mature paintings, he used the simplest combinations of straight lines, right angles, primary colors, and … José holds a PhD in Neuroscience from Universidade of Porto, in Portugal. JEB was present in 87 patients from 72 families, with mutations in six genes implicated. The duration of a trial period depends on the duration of the employment contract. On 13 October 1804, Japanese doctor Seishu Hanaoka (1760–1835) surgically removed a breast tumor under general anaesthesia. Extensive epidemiologic studies have suggested that adult disease risk is associated with adverse environmental conditions early in development. Just type the word you’re looking for into the search bar in Dutch! From around 1720, books on medical sciences were obtained from the Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. To provide accurate data, researchers from the Center for Blistering Diseases at the University Medical Center Groningen, in the Netherlands, conducted epidemiological analyses of well-characterized groups of patients registered in the Dutch EB Registry between 1988-2018. The same period applies to both employer and employee. The jars were reproduced and adapted by the Japanese, who called it "Elekiteru" (エレキテル, Erekiteru). study period. The future Admiral Enomoto Takeaki was one of the students of the Training Center. These developments led to the Satsuma fief building Japan's first steam ship, the Unkō-Maru [ja] (雲行丸), in 1855, barely two years after Japan's first encounter with such ships in 1853 during Perry's visit. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different goals that impacted the economic, political, and cultural development of their colonies and shaped colonizers’ interactions with American Indian populations. Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭學 /Shinjitai: 蘭学, literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period … Synonyms for experimental period include probation, apprenticeship, trial, examination, novitiate, delving, disquisition, examen, exploration and inquest. Maximum of 1 month. These mechanisms were used to demonstrate the necessity of air for animal life and combustion, typically by putting a lamp or a small dog in a vacuum, and were used to make calculations of pressure and air density. Students were sent abroad, and foreign employees (o-yatoi gaikokujin) came to Japan to teach and advise in large numbers, leading to an unprecedented and rapid modernization of the country. This followed the invention of the telescope by Dutchman Hans Lippershey in 1608 by a mere six years. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Most JEB patients had a recessive form of the disease (94.3%). Of note, consanguineous parents are those who are related as second cousins or closer; their children have a higher risk of genetic diseases. Scholars such as Fukuzawa Yukichi, Ōtori Keisuke, Yoshida Shōin, Katsu Kaishū, and Sakamoto Ryōma built on the knowledge acquired during Japan's isolation and then progressively shifted the main language of learning from Dutch to English. Japan had one of the largest urban populations in the world, with more than one million inhabitants in Edo, and many other large cities such as Osaka and Kyoto, offering a large, literate market to such novelties. Thus, the Dutch Hunger Winter study, from which results were first published in … Some institutions use a … They do not significantly differ in accuracy with modern ones, just like contemporary maps of European lands. Following Commodore Perry's visit, the Netherlands continued to have a key role in transmitting Western know-how to Japan for some time. This knowledge was regularly updated through information received from the Dutch, so that Japan had an understanding of the geographical world roughly equivalent to that of contemporary Western countries. Most universities may also offer you courses in Dutch as a second language so you can prove that you have sufficient mastery of the language. The Study Of The Dutch Language In Japan During Its Period Of National Isolation (ca. Western books were prohibited, with the exemption of books on nautical and medical matters. I want you to feel happy during the lesson. But once out on the high seas, the sailors of the five vessels, which are heavily loaded with weaponry, are informed of their additional tasks - to raid and plunder Portuguese and Spanish strongholds along the route in South America and Asia and to wreak damage on their ene… DEB was identified in 161 patients from 103 families. Dwivedi, Ramya. The Dutch traders at Dejima in Nagasaki were the only European foreigners tolerated in Japan from 1639 until 1853 (the Dutch had a trading post in Hirado from 1609 till 1641 before they had to move to Dejima), and their movements were carefully watched and strictly controlled, being limited initially to one yearly trip to give their homage to the shōgun in Edo. Learning a language should be fun. Microscopes were invented in the Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. COVID-19 in Dutch households. A second Rangaku scholar, Hoashi Banri (ja:帆足万里), published a manual of physical sciences in 1810 – Kyūri-Tsū (窮理通, roughly "On Natural Laws") – based on a combination of thirteen Dutch books, after learning Dutch from just one Dutch-Japanese dictionary. The residence permit can be granted for a definite period (verblijfsvergunning voor bepaalde tijd) or an indefinite period (verblijfsvergunning voor onbepaalde tijd). VanDale Dictionary – Simply the best online Dutch dictionary. Piet Mondrian, painter who was an important leader in the development of modern abstract art and a major exponent of the Dutch abstract art movement known as De Stijl (’The Style’). Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭學/Shinjitai: 蘭学, literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641–1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation (sakoku). In 1838, the physician and scholar Ogata Kōan established the Rangaku school named Tekijuku. A neat breakdown into the three categories asymptomatic, mild, and severe cases is far too simplistic. During the study period, 73 patients died (15.7%); their average age at death was 22.9 years. Great debates occurred between the proponents of traditional Chinese medicine and those of the new Western learning, leading to waves of experiments and dissections. Air pump mechanisms became popular in Europe from around 1660 following the experiments of Boyle. Mechanical clocks were introduced into Japan by Jesuit missionaries or Dutch merchants in the sixteenth century. Role of Furniture in Pennsylvania Dutch Communities. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age when Dutch Golden Age painting, although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque … Jurgen Thoelen — Gladiator Labs. Before we dive into the Reformation in the Netherlands, let's review how the Protestant Reformation began. In 1804, Hanaoka Seishū performed the world's first general anaesthesia during surgery for breast cancer (mastectomy). Diana holds a PhD in Biomedical Sciences, with specialization in genetics, from Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal. These data do not support the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition. The cost of study at Dutch universities and other higher education institutions varies depending on a student’s nationality.. University fees for Dutch and EU students. The critical period … The Dutch are among the few who began by openly embracing the contentious idea of group or herd immunity. Rangaku ultimately became obsolete when Japan opened up during the last decades of the Tokugawa regime (1853–67). After the relocation of the Dutch trading post to Dejima, trade as well as the exchange of information and the activities of the remaining Westerners (dubbed "Red-Heads" (kōmōjin)) were restricted considerably. When a woman reported to study or work more than 40 hours per week, we transformed these hours to 40 for reasons of clarity in the calculations and comparability with the data of the Dutch Central … Dutch … This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The latter was a compilation made by several Japanese scholars, led by Sugita Genpaku, mostly based on the Dutch-language Ontleedkundige Tafelen of 1734, itself a translation of Anatomische Tabellen (1732) by the German author Johann Adam Kulmus. Although the mechanisms behind these relationships are unclear, an involvement of epigenetic dysregulation has been hypothesized. This can be the result of consanguineous parents. Belgian-Dutch Study: Why in times of COVID-19 you should not walk/run/bike close behind each other. 1641-1868). Scholars of Rangaku continued to play a key role in the modernization of Japan. Trial registration: Dutch trial register: NTR4159, 5 September 2013 And it should be efficient. Specifically, EBS was found in 212 patients from 108 families. [original research?]. In this lesson, learn about the main characteristics of Baroque architecture in The Netherlands, and discover some of the distinctive churches and palaces built during the Dutch Baroque period. 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